Clinical Biochemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical chemistry or medical biochemistry) is the area of chemistry that is generally concerned with analysis of body analytes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Tumor markers are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, healthy cells in the body may produce them as well. Tumor markers are also called biomarkers.

Hormonal studies measure the levels of certain hormones produced by your body during your cycle.

Because each hormone plays a role in conception, your body must produce a specific amount at a precise time in your menstrual cycle in order for conception to occur naturally

Routine hematology is a common type of laboratory testing involving the analysis of blood samples. Such testing is done to detect diseases that may be affecting blood, including infections, anemia and leukemia.

Clinical pathology supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood and other bodily fluids, tissues, and microscopic evaluation of individual cells.

Analysis of cell counts and morphology of cells in body fluids

Examination of the bone marrow is critically important in the diagnosis and management of a wide variety of hematologic disorders, for example, leukemia. Circulating blood cells are actively produced in the bone marrow.

Clinicians frequently order coagulation tests, such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and factor assays to assess blood clotting function in patients

The Invitae Hereditary Thrombophilia Panel analyzes five genes that are associated with an increased risk for developing thromboembolism. Individuals who have inherited a pathogenic variant in one of these genes have a predisposition to excessive blood clot formation, most often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis).

Diagnosis includes screening tests and clotting factor tests. Screening tests are blood tests that show if the blood is clotting properly. Clotting factor tests, also called factor assays, are required to diagnose a bleeding disorder. This blood test shows the type of hemophilia and the severity.

Bethesda assay measures the amount of factor inhibitor present in the body in Bethesda unit One Bethesda unit is defined as amount of inhibitor which neutralizes 50% FVIII:C activity of a defined test mixture.

Histopathology literally means the study of tissues as relates to disease. A histopathology report describes the tissue that has been sent for examination and the features of what the cancer looks like under the microscope.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most common application of immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.

Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection, against other foreign proteins, or to one's own proteins.

Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) is a new technique for collecting cytological samples in order to detect cervical cancer. With conventional Pap a smear sample is applied directly to a slide for microscopic investigation. In liquied based cytology sample is taken using a brush and deposited in a liquid for bettercell yield. Over 95% of women who develop cervical cancer test is positive for HPV.

Fine-needle aspiration is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained and be examined under a microscope

An autoimmune disease panel is a group of tests that is done to check autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease means that the body's immune system attacks our own body

A routine culture detects the amount of germs (microorganisms like bacteria) present in the body fluid. Once sample is collected, a technician will keep it in conditions where microorganisms can multiply.

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
It is important in certain cancers to determine the prognosis and outcome of treatment

Foetus is a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. Fetaldeath is defined as death prior to the complete extraction or expulsion from its mother of a product of conception irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, the death being indicated by the absence of any signs of life